El árabe de Misrata
El árabe de Misrata es una variedad libia hablada en la conocida como zona de transición entre el árabe libio de tipo occidental y el de tipo oriental. Por ello, comparte isoglosas con ambos, pero además presenta otros rasgos que la separan de ellos.
El árabe de Misrata tiene características de las variedades beduinas (hilalí) en los niveles fonético, morfológico y sintáctico, no obstante, la existencia de ciertos rasgos de tipo sedentario nos permite clasificarla como una variedad mixta.
Árabe de Misrata: əl-ʕīd
Árabe de Misrata: el Aid
(1) In the name of God. Let’s start with the Lesser Eid. (2) Naturally, the Lesser Eid is Eid al-Fiṭr, it comes after (3) the fast, after the month of Ramadan. (4) Naturally everybody rejoices in it and whoever comes to exchange wishes says to you ‘God willing, May God accept, which means may He accept an entire month of fasting’. (5) Usually, naturally, the Greater Eid comes, in the Lesser Eid people buy clothes, clothes. (6) These clothes, during the last days of fasting, the market is very crowded, especially at night. (7) They sell toys, they sell clothes. (8) Everyone naturally buys new clothes and they buy toys for the children and little girls [play] too. (9) Usually, as far as toys are concerned, children prefer toy guns or cars, something like that. (10) I mean, I have a brother, I remember when he was six years old, I gave him a car and he broke it, “I want a gun!”. (11) I mean, they all love (toy) guns, which is naturally dangerous, (12) since they are all poorly built, I mean, a lot of accidents happen during the Eid: someone loses an eye, children hurt their eyes with toy guns. (13) The girls usually have dolls, a doll, Barbie or not, something like that. (14) On the first day of the Eid, in the morning, at eight and a half, people go, they go out, from their house to the mosque. (15) Usually, I mean, the best thing is that you go on foot and, while on the road from the house to the mosque, you praise: “Allāh akbar, may He be praised, (16) he fulfilled His promise, He fortified His army and defeated the allies, He alone.” This while you are on the road. (17) They pray, naturally the imam comes and preaches. No, they perform the Eid prayer and first, (when people) arrive at the mosque, if the imam hasn’t arrived yet, they keep on praising in the mosque. (18) Then the imam arrives. They pray, then the imam mounts the pulpit and preaches. (19) He preaches (saying) that during the Eid, he doesn’t say to people, forgive each other, that is, if somebody is angry with his brother or somebody is angry with his neighbour or something, (20) they forgive each other and they exchange wishes, the one who can, and the first is the best. (21) Afterwards, when the preach is over, all the ones who are in the mosque greet each other and exchange wishes: (22) “Forgive me” and “May God forgive you”, and “May God accept your fast, God willing”, they speak in this way I mean. (23) Then they go back home. Naturally, I usually have (already) exchanged wishes with my father, my brother and my (other) brothers, (so) I exchange wishes with my mother, with the rest of my brothers and the family. (24) Naturally, my father married twice, the second one, I mean, hasn’t been (by us) for a long time, maybe one year and a half now, after the facts. (25) I go and exchange wishes with my mother, and then my maternal uncles usually arrive. (26) My maternal uncles arrive, we exchange wishes, my maternal uncles and their sons, their children, my maternal uncles’ children. (27) I mean, they come, we exchange wishes, and then, in the evening, the family is naturally gathered. As far as we are concerned, they are all gathered. (28) Thereafter, in the evening, we go and exchange wishes with my paternal aunts and uncles. (29) This is the first day. The second day, I go to my maternal uncles, that is I go to my grandfather and grandmother, we speak, we exchange wishes, we stay and chat with them, (30) I mean the second day is usually for the maternal uncles. (31) The third day is for friends. That’s it, the third day everyone in our family goes by himself. (32) Whoever has friends goes and exchanges wishes for the Lesser Eid. (33) The Greater Eid. The Greater Eid, naturally, comes after..., in the season of Ḏū l-Ḥijja, that is after Pilgrimage. (34) People will be, I mean, everybody offers his sacrifice, which is his oblation, and if somebody doesn’t have one, (35) usually the imam of the mosque offers his sacrifice for himself, he offers the sacrifice for him and for everybody. (36) I mean he says: “My God, accept (the sacrifice) from me and from the community of Muḥammad and from whom doesn’t have it, I mean, so that it can be counted among the good deeds, God willing. (37) The family usually offers the sacrifice according to their possibilities, I mean. (38) One, two, three, four, it arrives even at six, no problem. (39) Every married man offers the sacrifice, usually, I mean everybody (who is) married offers it. (40) As for bachelors, for one who is not married, (he offers it) with his family. (41) During the Greater Eid, the first day is all with the family, with the sacrifice, its skinning, the barbecueing, the eating, (42) the chatting and the laughters. This is the first day. (43) The second day we stay awake, in the morning we cut the meat, put it in the refrigerator, get dressed, have a shower (44) and then we go, everyone goes and exchange wishes, I mean, the same thing, with the paternal and maternal uncles, everything I mean. (45) The third day, the second and the third, I mean, it’s all Eid. (46) ʕāšūrāʔ. There’s, naturally, there’s something we call fəttāša[1], fəttāša that is this, New Year, on the Arab New Year, not the hižrī. (47) New Year, which we, the old ladies say that we, New Year, which we, the old ladies say that we, they check the rest of the clothes, the rest of the Eid. (48) After the Pilgrimage, after the Pilgrimage and in the month of Muḥarram, the first day of Muḥarram, this, they come, I mean, they prepare food, (49) which is couscous and eggs and dried meat and something called ləwāwi[2] and the family gathers and eat everything, I mean. (50) This, this is fəttāša. Only the food, without wishes and other things, I mean. (51) Somebody likes to do it for dinner and (who likes to do it) for lunch, as people like, I mean. (52) There is ʕāšūrāʔ. For ʕāšūrāʔ, naturally, in the Islamic religion they fast one day, the day before, that is the ninth, or the tenth and the eleventh. (53) The best days are the ninth and the tenth, but if you couldn’t fast also the tenth and the eleventh. (54) Usually we have, on the day of ʕāšūrāʔ they cook eggs and fava beans and children go on the street and knock on the door (55) and people give them fava beans or eggs and people give to the neighbours, even the children say, they go out on the street and say: Oh ʕāšūrāʔ oh my ʕāšūrāʔ (56) fill my belly, my belly is full of kebab and stuffed intestines[3], this is, I mean, a song they sing. (57) The meaning (is) ʕāšūrāʔ my ʕāšūrāʔ fill for me ḍaḥūṛt-i, which means my belly, I mean the meaning is my belly, (58) my belly is full, my belly is full of kebab and stuffed intestines. Kebab, that means the fava beans and the eggs and the stuffed intestines. (59) I mean, this, they say, I mean. This is as far as feasts are concerned.[1] Fəttāša is both the name of the feast (New Year) and of a sort of witch used to scare children. [2] Ləwāwi is a sort of tripe. [3] ʕaṣbāna is a kind of food stuffed with meat and cooked vegetables.
Árabe de Misrata: əl-ʕərs
Árabe de Misrata: la boda
Fonología y Fonética
El fonema etimológico /q/ se realiza oclusivo, velar sonoro [g]. p.e.: ṭarīg ‘carretera’, yigūlu ‘ellos dicen’, iduggu ‘ellos llaman a la puerta’, ngūl-l-ək ‘te digo’. Por supuesto, existen algunas excepciones como los términos religiosos y jurídicos y algunas voces consideradas préstamos del MSA, p.e.: yitqabbal ‘él acepta’, tqabbal ‘él aceptó’.
En cambio, los tres fonemas interdentales, /θ/, /ð/ y /ðˤ/, no se han conservado, realizándose como sus correspondientes oclusivas, dentales, /t/, /d/ y /dˤ/, p.e.: hẹ̄di ‘esta’, dabaḥ ‘sacrificio’, yōm əl-itnēn ‘lunes’, yōm et-talāt ‘martes’, tālit ‘tercero’.
El árabe de Misrata tiene cinco vocales largas /ā/, /ē/, /ī/, /ō/, /ū/. /ē/ y /ō/ son el resultado de la reducción de los diptongos etimológicos /ay/ y /aw/ p.e.: əl-itnēn ‘lunes’, lēla ‘noche’, yōm ‘día’, zōz ‘dos’.
El sistema de vocales breves incluye dos fonemas claramente identificables: /ə/, en el que convergen las antiguas /a/ e /i/, y /u/, que presenta un gran número de realizaciones condicionadas por el contexto. Las vocales breves en sílabas abiertas y átonas a menudo son mantenidas, p.e.: ṭarīg ‘carretera’, nesāwīn ‘mujeres’, xamīs ‘jueves’, šabāb ‘niños’. No obstante, se requiere más investigación en este aspecto.
Morfología verbal
La morfología del árabe hablado en Misrata es particularmente conservadora. Así, el plural de verbos realiza la distinción de género, p.e.: ketəbu vs ketəbən ‘ellos escribieron / ellas escribieron’ yəfahmu vs yəfahmən ‘ellos entienden / ellas entienden’.
El futuro se expresa a veces por medio del preverbio ḥa-, probablemente un préstamo al árabe egipcio.
Morfología nominal
El plural de los pronombres personales también presenta una distinción de género, p.e.: humma vs hənna / hunna ‘ellos / ellas’, ẹntu vs ẹntən ‘vosotros / vosotras’.
El plural de los nombres cuadrilíteros presenta una vocal larga basada en el esquema de tipo beduino C1C2āC3īC4, (los dialectos sedentarios tienen el esquema C1C2āC3əC4), p.e.: ṣəndūg → ṣnādīg ‘pechos’, məftāḥ → mfātīḥ ‘llaves’.
El dual sintético todavía es productivo y no está restringido a las partes del cuerpo y a los miembros de un par, p.e.: xaṭṭēn bi ṭ-ṭūl u xaṭṭēn bi l-ʕaṛəd ‘dos líneas verticales y dos líneas horizontales’.
Un dual analítico, formado con el numeral zōz seguido de un plural, también existe pero menos usado.
La posesión se expresa normalmente por medio de la clásica iḍāfa, mientras que la estructura analítica, formada con la partícula invariable mtāʕ, tiene un uso más esporádico.
No existe ninguna partícula para expresa la indefinición.
Autor: Luca D’Anna
Misrata (en árabe مصراتة [miṣrāta]) es una ciudad costera de la región libia de Tripolitana. Se sitúa a 187 km. al este de Trípoli y a 825 km. al oeste de Benghazi. Con una población de 500.000 habitantes, es la tercera ciudad libia más grande y unos de los principales núcleos comerciales del país. Formó parte de la ruta comercial de los fenicios, al menos desde el siglo X a.C. y, más tarde, durante el periodo romano recibió el nombre de Tubartis. En el siglo VII d.C. la región fue conquistada por los ejércitos arabo-islámicos y Misrata se convirtió en un centro caravanero de la ruta del Sahara. A partir de 1551, durante el periodo Otomano, la ciudad mantuvo su relevancia comercial y fue testigo de constantes momentos de tensión entre el gobierno central y los clanes políticamente dominantes de la región. Después de la agresión colonialista italiana, la ciudad resistió los primeros intentos de los invasores de ponerla bajo control y no formó parte del territorio colonizado por Italia hasta la mitad del siglo XX. Tras la independencia, conseguida en 1951, y con la llegada de Gaddafi al poder, la ciudad vivió un tremendo crecimiento y urbanización, como otras grandes ciudades libias. En 2011, Misrata colaboró en la revolución contra Gaddafi, y cayó bajo el control de los insurgentes, participando en la gran batalla que acabó con el régimen.
Autor: Luca D’Anna
Bibliografía sobre el árabe de Misrata
- Elramli, Yousef Mokhtar 2012. Assimilation in the phonology of a Libyan Arabic dialect: A constraint-based approach. Tesis doctoral, University of Newcastle.
- Elramli, Yousef Mokhtar 2012. “Phonological assimilation of the prefix /t-/ in Misrata Libyan Arabic”, Newcastle Working Papers in Linguistics 18, 38-51.
- Marçais, Philippe 1977. Esquisse grammaticale de l’arabe maghrébin. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient.
- Owens, Jonathan 1983. “Libyan Arabic dialects”, Orbis 32/1-2, 97-117.
- Pereira, Christophe 2008. “Libya”, K. Versteegh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, vol. III. Leiden-Boston, Brill, 52-58.
- Ras Ali, Hawa 2015. L’arabe de Misurata (Libye). Trabajo de fin de máster, INALCO.