Marrakesh Arabic
Marrakesh Arabic is one of the most spoken urban Moroccan varieties. It has markedly Bedouin features compared to other Moroccan dialects –save for ḥassāniyya Arabic, spoken in the south and a clear example of a Bedouin variety.
The Arabization process clearly influenced the type of Arabic spoken in the city. Thus, Arabic initially spoken in Marrakesh must have been a sedentary-type variety; a significant number of traits exist which are common in sedentary varieties, though considerably less present than in traditional urban Moroccan dialects. Furthermore, it incorporates a series of features which can be found in other southern Moroccan varieties mostly influenced by the substratum and adstratum effect of the Amazigh language, essentially of its Tashelhit variety.
Marrakech Arabic: In another era.
Árabe de Marrakech: En otra época.
(1) măṛṛākǝš ʕăndu ṣūṛ ḍāyəṛ bīh. fīh sətta t əl-bībān: əl-bāb əl-lŭwwəl hŭwwa bāb ġwmāt. u l-bāb ət-tāni, bāb āylān. (2) u l-bāb ət-tāləţ, bāb əd-ḑbāġ. u l-bāb əṛ-ṛābəʕ, bāb ḑŭkkwāla. u l-bāb əl-xāməs, bāb īġli. (3) u l-bāb əs-sātt, bāb əṛ-ṛŭbb, māši ṛ-ṛəbb, bāb əṛ-ṛŭbb. əṛ-ṛŭbb wāḥəd lӑ-ʕṣīr kān tā-yĭtṣāyǝb mən tmǝṛ u kān ţ-yĭţbāʕ f bāb əṛ-ṛŭbb. hāda hŭwwa ṛ-ṛŭbb. (4) kān... kān... dāba n-nās bəzzāf ţ-ygūlu bāb əṛ-ṛəbb, u māši bāb əṛ-ṛəbb, bāb əṛ-ṛŭbb, āh. əṛ-ṛŭbb wāḥəd lӑ-ʕṣīr dyāl tməṛ, smītu ṛ-ṛŭbb. (5) hād əl-bībān kŭllhŭm ʕăndhŭm əd-dfūf u kā-yĭtsəddu īla fāt l-ʕīša. īla fāt ṣālāt l-ʕīša, kān, kān măṛṛākǝš kā-yĭtsədd. īla fāt l-ʕīša kā-təbqa ʕla băṛṛa, ma kān-š lli yḥəll līk. (6) hādu lli kānţ. ămma[1] l-mḑīna f əd-dāxəl, kānu fīha ḥwām. u kŭlla ḥūma b smītha u lӑ-ʕzāwi ḑyālha. u kŭlla ḥūma ʕăndha fəṛqa dyāl ǝd-dəqqa. əd-dəqqa lʕəb lli hŭwwa mӑʕ... măʕṛūf, b əl-măṛṛākšĭyya. (7) wāḥəd əl-ḥūma smītha zāwyǝt əl-ḥḍəṛ ma fīha-š fəṛqa t ət-dəqqa u ma fīha-š əl-ḥwānt u ma fīha-š əs-swīqa. (8) mātālān had əl-ḥūma ma fīha-š əl-ḥwānt u ma fīha-š dīk... dīk əs-swīqa. ʕlāš had... hād zāwyǝt əl-ḥḍəṛ ma fīha-š əd-dəqqa u ma fīha-š əl-ḥwānət, šna hŭwwa s-sābāb? (9) līʔānnāhu hād zāwyǝt əl-ḥḍəṛ žāt ḥda ž-žāmăʕ dyāl bən yūsǝf, ǝl-žāmӑʕ dyāl bǝn yūsǝf u l-mǝdṛāsa dyālt bən yūsǝf. u ḍāṛ bəllāṛž. kā-tsmăʕ b ḍāṛ bəllārž? [Sí, es muy conocida.] Ă.: (10) īdān[2] hād ǝl... hād əl-bḷāṣa bḥāl bīna ngūlu kānt mərkəz ḥāḍāṛi. kān(t) wāḥəd əl-bḷāṣa lli hĭyya ḥāḍāṛĭyya u kānu nās dyāwəl zmān kānu tā-yĭḥtāṛmu l-mǝdṛāsa lli fīha l-ʕīlǝm u tā-yĭḥtārmu ž-žāmăʕ ma tkūn-š fīh əs-sūq u s-swīqa, ma ykūn-š. (11) hād əl-ḥūma lli ḥda ž-žāmăʕ ma ţ-ykūn-š fīhŭm s-swīqa. u mənhŭm... zāwyǝt əl-ḥḍəṛ ma ʕăndhŭm-š əl-fəṛqa dyāl əd-dəqqa līʔānnāhu d-dəqqa xəṣṣhŭm f ʕāšūr ylǝʕbūha... (12) wālākīn kāyən əž-žāmăʕ, xəṣṣhŭm ywŭqqṛu hād... bāš nfəhmu hād əl-māsāʔīl[3]. (13) mni tā-nxŭržu mən zāwyǝt əl-ḥḍəṛ, tā-nəmšīw, tā-nxŭržu, tā-nəlqāw s-sūq. kā-nǝmšīw, kā-nǝdxlu l ǝs-sūq. (14) fīh ţmənya u ṛbʕīn sūq. ǝs-sūq fīh ţmənya u ṛbʕīn sūq. kŭlla sūq, kŭlla sūq ʕăndu smītu. mātālān, sūq əš-šəṛṛāţīn, tā-yṣāybu š-šṛīṭ. sūq əš-šŭkkāyṛĭyya, t-yṣāybu š-šŭkkāṛa. (15) sūq ət-ţīgmūţĭyyīn. ət-ţīgmūţĭyyīn hūma lli tā-yṣāybu... əl-kŭmmĭyya u d... u d-dǝblāž u hādūk dyāwəl n-nŭqṛa. tā-yṣāybu n-nŭqṛa u d-dhəb. [¿ţĭgmūţĭyyīn?] Ă.: (16) ţĭgmūţĭyyīn, kūllhŭm ţā-ygūlu ţĭgmūţĭyyīn, ţĭgmūţĭyyīn... līʔānnāhu ţīgmūţĭyyīn... wāḥəd əl-blād āsmītha tāgmūţ, əṣ-ṣǝnʕa dyālha wa[4] hĭyya n-nŭqṛa. (17) tā-yṣāybu n-nŭqṛa u tā-yṣāybu ṣ-ṣyāġa, əd-dhǝb u dāk əš-ši. dāk əš-ši bāš kā-yĭtsəmma hād əṣ-ṣənʕa kā-tsəmma dāk... tīgmūtĭyyīn. (18) sūq ḥāyk, dyāl əl-ḥāyk. sūq əl-ḥărrārīn. əl-ḥărrārīn wa hŭwwa... dāk əš-šāna lli tā-yĭtdāru ʕ ӑl... ʕla ṛ-ṛāṣ dyāl lӑ-ʕyālāt. (19) sūq l-ʕăṭṭāṛīn, l-ʕăṭṭāṛīn māši hŭwwa l-ʕӑṭṭāṛ... l-ʕӑṭṭāṛīn t-ybīʕu... hāda (hace el gesto del olfato). (20) kāyən sūq əl-ġāsūl. əl-ġāsūl wāḥəd əl-mādda kā-dži[5] m ǝṛ-ṛbīʕ kānu tā-yṣəḅḅnu bīha əl-ḥwāyəž. ġāsūl, māši ţīd. sūq əl-mḍāmmĭyya. dāk... əl-mḍāmma hĭyya dāk ǝṣ... dāk əṣ-ṣəmṭa. u zīd u zīd u zīd u zīd. ăswāq[6]... (21) kŭlla ḥūma... āna ʕtītək[7] ăswāq bāš tăʕṛəf əž-žu lli fīhŭm. kŭlla sūq ʕăndu ṣḥāb əṭ-ṭŭṛqa. kŭlla sūq ʕăndu n-nās lli mkəllfīn bīh. (22) u ʕăndu l-āmīn, əl-ʔāmīn, bḥāl īla gəlţi rēspōnsābǝl[8], əl-ʔāmīn dyāl ǝs-sūq. kŭlla sūq ʕăndu l-āmīn dyālu. (23) lli kā-yḥāfəḍ ʕ ӑl-žūda u ʕla s-səlʕa l-mətqūna. hād ǝs... hād l-ʔāmīn tā-yḥāfəḍ ʕ ӑs-səlʕa, tkūn mǝtqūna, ma ykūn-š fīha l-ġŭšš. (24) w īla təqbəṭ ši mʕălləm m ǝl-mʕăllmīn, īla təqbəṭ ši mʕălləm m ǝl... dāk... m ǝl-mʕăllmīn dāyər ši ġŭšš f əṣ-ṣənʕa dyālu tā-yqəddmūh l əl-mǝtḥӑssəb. (25) əl-mǝtḥӑssǝb hŭwwa l-ḥākəm əl-kbīr. ţ-ykūnu l-ūmāna, u kāyən wāḥəd kbīr hŭwwa l-mǝtḥӑssəb lli ţ-yĭḥkəm ʕla dūk l-ūmāna. (26) ši mʕălləm, īla dār ši ġŭšš, tā-yqəddmūh l əl-mǝtḥӑssəb. əl-mǝtḥӑssəb ţ-yĭḥkəm ʕlīh b əl-xţĭyya[9]. (27) u kā-yšəṛṛəg līh dāk əl-məntūž dyālu. mātālān, šŭkkāṛa, wəlla bəlġa wəlla... u tā-tʕălləq līh bāb ḥānūţu bāš yšūfu n-nās hāda rāh ġŭššāš. [Esto es lo que había (hace tiempo), ¿no?] Ă.: (28) āh, dāba tā-ngūl līk āš kān f măṛṛākǝš, āš kān. əl-wӑqţ kīfāš kānt. dāba hād əš-ši ma bqa-š. (29) dāba hād əš-ši kān. nta bīti l-klām l-qdīm u n-nās kīfāš kān tā-tӑhd... hāda hŭwwa mӑṛṛākǝš. kā-ndūzu mən əṣ-ṣəmmāṛīn, ʕṛəfti ṣ-ṣəmmāṛīn? [El barrio.] Ă.: (30) ǝṣ-ṣəmmāṛīn, ma kānu fīh-š ḥwāyəž, kānu fīh əl-ḥəddāda. tā-yṣāybu dyāl l-ʕāwd wəlla t əl-bġəl, bhāyəm, yāk ʕṛəfţi dīk əṣ-ṣfīḥa. (31) kānu n-nās tā-yžīw mən ġwmāt, tā-yžīw mən āmīẓmīẓ, tā-yžīw m əl-bəldān l măṛṛākǝš. ma kān-š ǝt-ţōṃūbīl[10], kān hīr əl-bhāyəm. (32) tā-yžīw n-nās ʕ ӑl-bhāyəm, tā-yžību š-šʕīr, tā-yžību l-xŭḍṛa, tā-yžību l-lḥəm, tā-yžību l-ḥlīb. tā-ybīʕūh f măṛṛākǝš. məlli ţ-ybīʕu f măṛṛākǝš hād əš-ši, ţ-ybīʕu, ţā-yqəbṭu flūshŭm, tā-yĭmšīw l-fnādəq. (33) əl-fnādəq, ţ-y...ĭṛtāḥu fīhŭm. fīn kāynīn əl-fnādəq? kāynīn mūṛa l-kūmīṣāṛĭyya d žāmăʕ l-fna, wāḥəd əl-fḥəl, ţ-ygūlu līh fḥəl sfrīţi. (34) kūmīṣāṛĭyya d žāmăʕ l-fna kāyən wāḥəd əṭ-ṭṛīq, m ǝl-lūṛ, təmmāk kānu fīh əl-fnādəq u fīh l-qṣūṛ. kānu fīh əl-fnādəq, tā-yžīw tā-ynəʕsu n-nās. (35) u tā-yžību əl-bhāyəm ḑyālhŭm. qӑbṭu l-flūs, tā-yəmšīw l əl-ḥămmām, t-yŭġslu, tā-yĭšrīw l-qǝššāba u tā-yxŭržu l žāmăʕ l-fna, hĭyya l-məsrӑḥ, īdān f žāmӑʕ l-fna hĭyya fīn kānt əd-dārīža kā-ţǝtţkəlləm. (36) hāda hŭwwa l-mənbəʕ dyāl əd-dārīža. gāʕ lli ʕăndu ši ḥāža, u lli ʕăndu ši ḥīkāya, u lli ʕăndu ši klām, tā-yži l žāmăʕ l-fna, ţā-yʕăṛḍu. (37) ši fənnān, ăyy fənnān. u kānu n-nās... ma kān-š ţīlīvīzyūn, ma kān-š əṛ-ṛāḑyo. kānu n-nās, hādūk lli bāʕu u šrāw u fərḥānīn u ʕăndhŭm əl-flūs u bġāw yĭṛtāḥu t-yžīw l žāmăʕ l-fna. (38) kānu ḥlāyqĭyya t-yžīw n-nās ygŭʕdu yšūfu. əš-šlūḥ t-yĭmšīw l ʕănd əl-ḥəlqa lli fīha š-šlūḥ. dāk... lӑ-ʕṛūbĭyya lli hūma ʕṛəfţi tā-yĭmšīw l əl-ḥəlqa lli fīha dāk lӑ-ʕṛūbĭyya. (39) əl-măṛṛākšĭyyīn tā-yĭmšīw l əl-ḥəlqa lli fīha dāk, dāk, dāk... tāmӑṛṛākšīt. kānt wāḥəd... wāḥǝd əl-məsrӑḥ, māši tā-ydīru n-nās hna, əl-mūtāfāṛṛīžīn hna u l-mūmţīlīn gŭddāmhŭm, la. (40) ţ-ykūn dāʔīri[11], tā-tsəmma l-ḥəlqa u ţā-ykūn əl-fənnān f wŭṣṭ mənha. ma āṣʕăb[12] əl-fənnān ykūn f wŭṣṭ... f wŭṣṭ məsrӑḥ mḍŭwwăṛ. (41) ykūn gāʕ əl-fənnān, ykūn fənnān kbīr wālākīn f wŭṣṭ məsrӑḥ mḍŭwwӑṛ māši sāhəl. u l-fənnān dāba lli ţ-ykūn f əl-məsrӑḥ, tā-tdxŭl, tā-txəḷḷəṣ ntāya f bāb, lākēṣ[13] u tdxŭl[14] tgwʕǝd... hŭwwa f əl-məsrӑḥ. (42) yʕӑžbək əl-ʕāmāl wəlla yḑīr ʕāmāl xāyb wəlla... wǝlla ykūn zīn, əl-mūhīmm, nta xəḷḷəṣţi f lākēṣ. (43) māši bḥāl žāmăʕ l-fna. ţ-yʕăṛḍ dīk... āš ʕăndu u ḥəttā ţ-ykəmməl, ʕād, nta tā-txəḷḷṣu. [En función del espectáculo y en función de...] (44) ʕla ḥsāb əl-fṛāža u ʕla ḥsāb lsānu hŭwwa, ʕla ḥsāb ʕăqlu. dāba, əl-fənnān dyāl žāmăʕ l-fna ţ-ygūl. dāk əš-ši lli ţ-ygūl ţ-yʕāwd u yĭžbəd mənnək əl-flūs b “ʕāfāk, hāda, tāta”. (45) īdān[15], ʕăndu wāḥəd əl-fənn ʕla žūž d əl-măṛṛāţ. u... u dāʔīri[16], īla ma kənţi-š fənnān ma təqḍăṛ-š tӑhḍăṛ f wŭṣṭ əd-dāʔīra, f wŭṣṭ əl-ḥəlqa, ṣʕīb bəzzāf. (46) īdān[17], əl-fənnāna dyāwəl žāmăʕ l-fna ţ-yxŭržu fənnāna ṣḥāḥ. kānu n-nās tā-yžīw l žāmăʕ l-fna, tā-yṭṣǝṇṇ... u ţā-yĭtṣəṇṇtu u tā-ygŭʕdu u tā-yšūfu u tā-yĭmšīw tā-yžību l-bhāyəm ḑyāwəlhŭm. (47) tā-ydūzu mǝn ǝṣ-ṣəmmāṛīn yḑīru līhŭm əṣ-ṣəbbāṭ... ǝṣ-ṣfīḥa. u mən ǝṣ-ṣəmmāṛīn tā-yxŭržu lli xārž ʕla bāb ġwmāţ, ġādi l ǝl-xārəž, wəlla xārž ʕla bāb ḑŭkkwāla ġādi l rḥəmna. (48) kŭlla wāḥəd fīn ġāḑi. hāda hŭwwa măṛṛākǝš kīfāš kān f dīk əl-wăqt.[1] Esta conjunción es más frecuente encontrarla bajo la forma ŭmma l ‘con respecto a’ (en ocasiones percibida sin l); probablemente se trate de influencia superestrática del árabe clásico. [2] Árabe clásico. [3] Préstamo del árabe clásico muy frecuente en árabe vernáculo, al menos en la ciudad de Marrakech. [4] Árabe clásico, especialmente la perífrasis en su conjunto, aquí y más adelante, esto es, wa hĭyya y wa hŭwwa como presentativos. [5] /tži/ > [dži]. [6] Pl. reconstruido a través de la influencia superestrática del árabe clásico y a partir del correspondiente en dialectal que es swāq (se observa igualmente en la voz āmtāl “proverbios”). [7] Desfaringalización de /ṭ/. [8] Del francés responsable ‘responsable.’. [9] Desfaringalización y africación de /ṭ/. [10] Generalmente percibida en Marrakech como ṭūṃūbīl, nuestro informante realiza el primer fonema desfaringalizado y mantiene el timbre vocálico [ʊ:]. [11] Árabe clásico. [12] Árabe clásico. [13] Del francés la caisse ‘la caja’. [14] u tǝdxŭl → u txŭl. [15] Árabe clásico. [16] Árabe clásico. [17] Árabe clásico.
Phonology and Phonetics*
In the case of a significant number of words the realization /g/ ~ /q/ is a free variant. In other cases only [g] or [q] respectively apply though the presence of [g] is predominant.
As in the rest of Morocco, the affrication of phonemes /t/ and /d/ can be noted. A typical trait of southern Morocco also present in Marrakesh is the appearance of allophones [t] and [d] of /ṭ/ and /ḍ/, respectively, after the loss of the velarization; they are often subject to further affrication thus resulting in [ţ] and [ḑ].
Many phonemes contain velarized allophones unlike many northern varieties where velarization is much fainter.
Two types of labiovelarization can also be noted. The first type, after labial consonants, is not particularly noteworthy within Arabic-speaking dialects. The second type is closely linked to palatal and velar consonants, resulting in the appearance of [kw], [gw], [qw], [ġw] and [xw]. This trait is mostly due to Amazigh substratum and adstratum influence.
As regards vowels, the short vowel system is highly unstable, as reflected by elisions of /ǝ/ in open syllables or in prosodic aspects.
In the long vowel system the most remarkable feature is the presence of [ʏ:], allophone of /ū/, which can be explained because of the influence on the same trait in Tashelhit, bearing in mind that it is also a feature in many Jewish varieties throughout the country, amongst them Marrakesh’s, where this community was quite significant in the early twentieth century.
Marrakesh’s Arabic has a high level of monophthongization.
Verb Morphology
The perfective paradigm has a common form for 2 sg., and a lengthening, –āt, in 3 sg.f. can be noted. In contrast, two different forms for each gender exist in the imperfective and imperative.
As in almost all Moroccan dialects, a final lengthening (in –ī) occurs prior to suffixes in the perfective paradigm of doubled root and defective verbs in all the forms except in 3 sg. On the other hand, the verb suffix of plural forms of the imperfective paradigm of defective verbs is diphthongized (-īw and –āw).
Marrakesh Arabic within its Moroccan environment is a transition variety with regards to the verb kāl ~ kla, yākŭl, as its perfective paradigm may be conjugated in two different forms, although the tendency is to appear as a hollow verb.
Likewise, the verb ba, ybi ‘to want’ is noted and some informants realize a labialization in the sequence bī-. This verb may convey the future of a second verb it may accompany besides its primary volitive sense, a feature also existing in many Bedouin vernacular varieties in the Arabic-speaking world.
The preverb in Marrakesh Arabic is tā-, undoubtedly more prevalently noted than kā-, which is not the traditional and therefore appears occasionally in contexts such as non-spontaneous speech.
Noun Morphology
In terms of nominal morphology, frequent use is noted of the preposition ʕla as an introductory mark of the second element of a comparison. This trait exists throughout Morocco although its recurrence is remarkable in the case of this city due to Amazigh influence.
The suffix –ya is noted in personal pronouns ānāya, ntāya, ntĭyya and ḥnāya, as well as in adverbs hnāya, tǝmmāya, hākkāya. They all concur alongside their non-suffixed variants.
Numerals from eleven to nineteen are lengthened in –ǝl ~ –ǝṛ when they accompany the noun numbered. Marrakesh is in a transition zone as both possibilities exist, not just one as it is common in other Moroccan varieties. Yet, these numerals do not present the phoneme /ʕ/, which can be noted in other dialects in the region.
A further trait is the varied morphology of the particle in analytic genitive.
Lexicon
This area shows the most remarkable disparities between age groups particularly due to modern society needs, notoriously different from former periods.
There is a series of particles and words typical of this variety, in some cases shared with other varieties, such as: hīr ~ hi ‘only’, īmta ‘when’, ṭwāla ‘straight on’, bǝlʕa ‘large amount’, ḍṛūk(a) ‘now’, ʕlāh ‘why’, lāh ‘why’, bǝḥṛa ‘have just done’, gwbīla ‘a moment ago’, gūbīl ‘earlier’, ḥīnt ‘because’, tta ‘until’, āfūs ‘bravo’, mxǝṛ ‘he stole’, dār ‘he did’, dāz ‘he passed’, ḥǝnqǝz ‘he jumped’, gǝdd ‘he could’, gādd ‘he balanced’, gǝṛṛǝṣ ‘he gave the shape of a cake’, gwʕǝd ‘he sat down’, amongst others, mǝzgūr ‘corn’, mnāxǝṛ ‘nose’, būrgība ‘pear’. In Marrakesh vocatives āh ya ~ āh ya wa (sg. m.), āh ya ta (sg. f.), āh ya wīn (pl. c.) are used.
* Data used for this brief summary were compiled from: Sánchez, Pablo 2014. El árabe vernáculo de Marrakech. Análisis lingüístico de un corpus representativo. Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Author: Pablo Sánchez
Marrakesh (in Arabic ﻤﺮﺍﻜﺶ [mǝṛṛākǝš], in French and Spanish Marrakech) is the fourth most populated city in Morocco after Casablanca, Fez and Tangiers. Extending over 230 km2, it has a population of 928,850 inhabitants (RGPH 2014).
Marrakesh is located in the centre-west of Morocco on a plain by the Atlas mountains in the region of Marrakech-Safi, created in 2015. As many other Moroccan cities it comprises a historical city, the medina, a walled area, and a modern city (la ville nouvelle) located outside the walled area which was urbanized during the French Protectorate. This area is divided into districts such as Guéliz, Hivernage, Douar Askar, Sidi Youssef Ben Ali, etc.
Little is known about the pre-Islamic city prior to its founding in 1071 by the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin, who established a military camp on this location and followed the orders of his cousin Abu Bakr. Under Almoravid dominion a wall was built around the city and several remarkable buildings were erected such as the Abu Bakr’s Kasbah, the mosque of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and the palace of Ali ibn Yusuf. Besides Saharan and Bedouin ethnic elements the city was also inhabited during this period by sedentary people, mainly the Masmuda from the Atlas area.
The city was captured by the Almohads in 1147. A good deal of the Almoravid part of Marrakech was demolished at the time, in particular mosques and especially the Koutoubia mosque which had become a symbol of this locality. The Kasbah of the city accommodated the residence of the caliphs as Marrakech became the capital of the Almohad Empire. The city flourished during this period and attracted intellectuals from the Muslim west. This also had an impact on commerce, which notably improved.
The Marinids made an attempt at conquering the city in 1261. Between 1268 and 1269 the city was eventually captured and the Almohad dynasty was brought to an end. In September 1269, Abu Yusuf Yakub entered Marrakech and just two years after moved the capital of his kingdom to Fez. From that moment on, a series of imperial caliphs, depending on the Marinid sultan of Fez, ruled over the city. A period of upheaval ensued with constant rebellions and revolts against the central power which resulted in several periods of autonomy. In the early sixteenth century the city blocked attacks from the Portuguese who had grown strong in nearby Azemmour.
From 1514 onwards Marrakech became the capital of the Empire of the Saadi sultans. In 1549, when the Wattasids of Fez were defeated, Marrakech became the capital of unified Morocco. In the seventeenth century political instability increased and the territory controlled by the Saadi from Marrakech was greatly reduced. The Alawi dynasty finally took hold of power. Mohammed III (1757-1790) established his residence in the city partly due to its proximity to prosperous Essaouira, a major port for commerce between Morocco and Europe.
In 1907, the French doctor Émile Mauchamp was murdered in Marrakech which triggered the French military intervention from Oujda on Moroccan land. Under the French Protectorate, established in 1912 (this was also the year when the city was occupied by the French) and for the next forty-four years the city and adjacent region were ruled by Thami El Glaoui.
Bibliography
- Cénival, Pierre de 1991. s.v. “Marrākush”, Encyclopédie de l’Islam, vol. VI, 573-582.
- Deverdun, Gaston 1959. Marrakech des origines à 1912. Rabat, Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
- Huici Miranda, Ambrosio 2000. Historia política del imperio almohade. 2 vols. Granada, Universidad de Granada.
- Triki, Hamid 1995. “Marrakech, retrato histórico de una metrópolis medieval”, La arquitectura del islam occidental. Barcelona, Lunwerg, 93-106.
- Wilbaux, Quentin 2001. La médina de Marrakech. París, L’Harmattan.
Author: Araceli González Vázquez
- Abdouh, Omar 1983. La phonologie du parler arabe de Marrakech. Paris, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 (unpublished MA1 Thesis).
- Abdouh, Omar 1984. Étude syntaxique du P.A.M. [parler arabe de Marrakech]. Paris, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 (unpublished MA2 Thesis).
- Abdouh, Omar 1987. Approche sociolinguistique du parler arabe de Marrakech. Paris, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 (unpublished PhD Thesis).
- Colin, Georges Séraphin 1931. “Noms d’artisans et de commerçants à Marrakech”, Hespéris 12, 229-240.
- Elamiri, Larbi 1988, Phonologie du parler arabe de Marrakech : approche sociolinguistique. Rennes, Université de Rennes 2 (unpublished PhD Thesis).
- Elmdari, Fouad 1999. Aspects phonologiques et morphologiques du parler de Marrakech. Paris, Université Paris VIII (unpublished PhD Thesis).
- El-Mejjad, Khadija 1985. Le parler de Marrakech : quelques aspects prosodiques. Paris, Université Paris 7 (unpublished PhD Thesis).
- Gtite, Latifa 1994-1995. El habla de los artesanos de Marrakech. Rabat, Université Mohamed V (unpublished MA Thesis).
- Sánchez, Pablo 2010. “Maternity: An example of a Moroccan Female Sociolect (Marrakesh)”, EDNA 13, 93-119.
- Sánchez, Pablo & Vicente, Ángeles 2012. “Variación dialectal en árabe marroquí: ǝl-haḍra ǝš-šāmālāya u la-hḍṛa l-maṛṛākšīya”, Dynamiques langagières en Arabophonies : variations, contacts, migrations et créations artistiques. Hommage offert à Dominique Caubet par ses élèves et collègues, A. Barontini, Ch. Pereira, Á. Vicente & K. Ziamari (eds.). Zaragoza, Universidad de Zaragoza, 223-252.
- Sánchez, Pablo 2014. “Quelques particularités de l’arabe de Marrakech : ville d’origine bédouine et urbanisation hétérogène”, Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa. Proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference. O. Durand, A.D. Langone & G. Mion (eds.). Viena-Berlin, LIT Verlag, 405-412.
- Sánchez, Pablo 2014. El árabe vernáculo de Marrakech. Análisis lingüístico de un corpus representativo. Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.