Larache Arabic
The Arabic spoken in the city of Larache is a pre-Hilalian urban dialect. Some of its traits also appear in other urban dialects in northwestern Morocco such as those spoken in Tangiers, Asilah or Tetouan. Despite this similitude the variety spoken in Larache differs from the former in the following: 1) the lack of speakers using /ʔ/ to realize */q/, 2) the lesser influence of Jebli dialects, 3) the presence of traits typical of Bedouin-Hilalian dialects.
Jebli and Hilalian elements are due to population movements as well as to Larache’s location as a port half-way between the north and the centre of Morocco. From a linguistic viewpoint Larache could be stated to be in a transition zone where northern pre-Hilalian dialects give way to Bedouin varieties extending throughout the plains of Morocco’s Atlantic coastline.
Larache Arabic: Eviction in the medina
Árabe de Larache: Desalojo en la medina.
[1] Barrio en la parte moderna de la ciudad de Larache. [2] La /h/ del pronombre sufijo /hŭm/ apenas se percibe. [3] rond-point ‘rotonda’ (francés). [4] [qŭmmāṛa] y [qămmāṛa] ¿labialización ocasional? [5] Disimilación y metátesis: /məħna/ > [məħla] > [məlħa]. [6] Asimilación de nasales: /ləžna/ > [nəžna]. [7]/xăṛdīn/ < ‘jardín’ (español).Pregunta: wāxxa, l-mūhīmm tʕāwəd lna l-mūškīl lli ʕăndək təmma Informante: (1) āna āṛbăʕ snīn w-āna… mqăyyda fə-hād l-ʔĭṣlāḥ w-yăʕni hād l-ʔĭṣlāḥ ma žā-š n-ʕăndi măṛṛa ma žā-ši, dāba mən šhăṛ āṛbʕa w-ḍ-ḍāṛ rābət ʕlĭyya kŭlla rābət ʕlĭyya!… Manifestante A: (2) dāba hādi xăms snīn Informante: (3) dāba skŭt ka-ysəžžəl bəllāti XXX Manifestante A: (4) bə-lə-ḥdīd w-xăllāwna Informante: (5) dāba ʕla dāk š-ši ḍ-ḍāṛ ṛābət ʕlĭyya w-ha hĭyya ka-tšūf l-wāqīʕ dyāla ṛābət ʕlĭyya, āna ʕāyša f-wāḥəd l-bīt hnāya, f-hād l-bīt hnāya lli ka-tšūf f-hād š-ši kāməl ʕāyša fīh, ṛăġm hād š-ši l-Măxzən ma bġā-š yži yxŭwwi li hād š-ši, (6) w-ma ʕṭānī-š l-ḥuqūq dyāli, āna wŭldi wāḥəd mṛăḍ li bə-măṛăḍ s-sŭll, ka-nʕālžūh fə-ṭ-ṭbīb dyā-l-Wafāʔ[1], (7) wāḥəd xṛŭž lu l-ftăq fə-ṛ-ṛūḥ dyālu w-ma ka-yəbġīw-ši yəmšīw ləl-mḍṛāsa ʕlāš ḥīt d-dṛāri k-yʕăyyṛūūm[2] ka-yqūlu lŭm ntūma sāknīn fə-xăṛba, (8) w-ṛăġma hād š-ši žīt n-ʕănd ṛ-ṛāyīṣ, žīt n-ʕănd ṛ-ṛāyīṣ w-ka-nəški lu ka-yəddīni w-yžībni, w-mʕa l-āxăṛ šnu l-ḥăll dyālu lli dāṛ mʕāya? dāṛ li l-ʔifṛāġ, (9) fəyn ʕa-nxăwwi āna fəyn ġāda nəmši?, w-āna bə-səbʕa dyā-l-ūlād dyāli, ma ʕăndī-ši fəyn ġāda nəmši, (10) ḷḷāhumma yšūfu fīna wāḥəd l-ḥăll, yšūfu ydīru mʕāna… āṛa ka-nʕānīw wāḥəd l-ʕĭna lli ma tšūf… wāḥəd l-ʕīša ma tšūfā-ši, (11) ma ka-nnāklu, ma ka-nšŭṛbu, l-ʔifṛāġ, dāba yăʕni mni ka-nəmši ntlāqa wlādi mə-l-mḍṛāsa, ka-yxăṣṣni ngləs mʕāhŭm fə-ṛ-ṛōnpwān[3] ḥta ka-ydūz dīk l-maġrib bāš ka-yġălləbhŭm n-nʕās ʕād ka-ndəxxlŭm nnăʕʕsŭm, (12) ʕlāš? l-fṛāš mša li, lă-ġṭa, ka-nətġăṭṭāw bə-mānṭa wāḥda āna w-səbʕa də-l-wlād, (13) ʕlāš? ḥīt kŭll ši ma XXX w-dzīdu li l-fṛāš, l-munkaṛ hāda, ṛāh bəzzāf ma kāynā-š l-ḥūkūma ma kāynā-š, ma ṛ-ṛāyīṣ w-la ma kāyna ḥta ši ḥāža, (14) l-mīzānĭyya ṣăṛṛda sīdna w-klāwha l-qămmāṛa, l-mīzānĭyya klāha, ṣăṛṛda sīdna w-ynṣuṛ sīdna wā-lākīn ddāwha l-qămmāṛa, (15) w-ṛăġma dāk š-ši mni klāwha w-dāk š-ši ha-hŭwwa ka-yṣăṛṛəd li l-wəṛqa bə-l-ʔifṛāġ, fəyn ġāda nəmši, (16) āna ma ʕăndī-š fəyn ʕa-nəmši, ḥālĭyyan, dāba ka-nətsənna qālu li , dāṛu mʕāya l-yūma l-ītnīn, ʕa-ytlāqāna l-bāša, (17) yăʕni ha-hŭwwa ma ʕṭāna la wăqt la qīma, ha-hŭwwa mša qāl lək l-ḥŭžž, kdəb ʕlīna w-mša lə-l-ḥŭžž, (18) yăʕni āna dāba ka-nətsənna mə-l-muwāṭinīn yʕāwnūni ʕi bə-wālu ʕi bə-xzāna, ġāda nži w-nəskŭn hnāya, (19) ma ybġīwnī-š nəskŭn āna fə-dīk l-xăṛba āna w-wlādi, w-lăw yʕāwnūni l-muwāṭinīn w-lăw XXX bāš ma bġāw yăʕṭīwni xzāna, āna nži nəskŭn fəynāti lăḥăqqāš ma ʕăndī-š fəyn nʕīš, (20) āna ma ʕăndi la ṃṃa la ḅḅa, ḥna ʕă ītāma, w-hādīk l-xăṛba lli xăllāw nna hĭyya lli sāknīn fīha, (21) hād l-waḍʕ lli ʕāyšīn fīh, ṛāh ma ʕăyšīn ḥnāya, ṛāḥna ma ʕāyšīn-ši ma ʕāyšīn-ši, ṛāh klāwna w-dāṛūna fə-kəṛšhŭm, ṛāh klāw hādu l-qŭmmāṛa[4], klāw hādu l-qămmāṛa (22) w-āktăṛ hād ṛ-ṛāyīṣ də-mažlis n-nuwwāb hŭwwa băʕda la šafaqa la ṛaḥma fə-qălbu, la šafaqa la ṛaḥma fə-qălbu, (23) ṛmāna ṛmĭyya dyā-l-klāb maṛṛa ṛmāna, ma k-yḥăsbūnā-ši, k-yḥăsbūna klāb ḥnāya l-muwāṭinīn maṛṛa. Manifestante B: (24) bə-l-ʔaxăṣṣ l-madīna l-qadīma ma ka-ysŭwwqu lā-ši, ma kāyn-š l-ʔiḥṣāʔāt ma ka-yʕṭū-š l-ən-nās dyāl l-madīna l-qadīma. Informante: (25) l-madīna lə-qdīma fāš ka-yətfəkkṛu la, ka-yətfəkkṛu la f-wăqt dyā-l-intixābāt ʕa f-wăqt dyā-l-intixābāt hūma lli ka-yətfəkkṛu la XXX ḷḷāhumma hāda munkaṛ. Manifestante B: (26) kāyna s-sakan l-iqtiṣādi kīfma ṣăṛṛăḥ ʕlīh sīdna ḷḷāh ynəṣṛu, ma ʕṭāwh nnā-ši, ʕṭāwh l-ḅăʕḍĭyyătŭm w-ʕṭāwh l-muwăḍḍafīn, (27) ḥnāya ma ʕănna la diṛham la žūž bāš ndəbḥu, ḥna ṭālbīn sakan iqtiṣādi yăʕṭīwăh lna, ḥna ṣḥāb l-madīna l-qadīma yăʕṭīwna s-sakan l-iqitiṣādi, (28) hād š-ši l-maṭālīb dyānna, n-nās yšūfu məlḥa[5] yšūfu məlḥătna kāmlīn, yḥăssu bīna, yqăllbu ʕlīna, (29) ʕlāš ža l-bəṛṛāni ʕṭāwhŭm səbʕīn mītṛu, ʕṭāwhŭm myət mītṛu w-l-muwăḍḍaf ka-yăʕṭīwhŭm mə-l-tăḥt l-tăḥt w-ḥnāya gālsīn ḍāyʕīn, ḥna ma ṭālbīn wālu ʕi sīdna, ḥna ʕāša sīdna, ḥna ma ka-nqūlū-ši. Informante: (30) āna nʕīš wāḥəd l-ʕīša ma tšūfā-ši, āna ṛăġma hād š-ši, āna ma ka-nəkdəb-ši āna ṛăġma dāk š-ši yžīw l-məsʔūlīn w-yži lli bġa (31) dāba ḥna ma ka-nṭălbu ḥta bə-ši ḥāža, ka-nṭălbu ḥna ʕi bə-ṛ-ṛāyīṣ yxăṛṛəž mʕāna wāḥəd l-ləžna. Manifestante B: (32) yšūf wāḥəd l-ḥăll. Informante: (33) lli dži tšūfna, wa-lăw n-nəžna[6] ʕa nəžna tšūfna, wa-lăw… la ḥnāya la, ḥna ma-ši muwāṭinīn, ḥna dāk š-šăʕb dyāl… l-ḥayy l-qdīm ka-yḥăsbūna l-wa-la-šay w-hūma n-nhāṛ dyāl intixābāt ka-yətfəkkṛu lə-l-ḥayy lə-qdīm, ʕă fə-l-intixābāt ka-yətfəkkṛu lə-l-ḥayy lə-qdīm, ʕă l-ḥayy lə-qdīm w-f-əl-wăqt dyāl ṣ-ṣăḥḥ w-ṣ-ṣḥīḥ? Manifestante B: (34) lāʔ w-n-nās dyāl mdīna nāʕsīn, ḥna xăṣṣna nkūnu hāyda. Informante: (35) wā-lākīn ʕlāš dāba ʕa-yqāwəmna ġādi yqāwəmna w-mʕa l-āxəṛ fə-āxəṛ nihāʔĭyya yṣăṛṛəd li l-ʔifṛāġ, ʕlāš yṣăṛṛəd li l-ʔifṛāġ w-dīr mʕāya ḥăll, wāš āna ka-nqăyyəl āna w-wlādi fə-l-xăṛdīn[7] ka-nəmši… (36) wlādi ka-yqăyylu fə-dīk l-xăṛdīn lli qŭddām žīhət lə-bḥăṛ qŭddām ḍāṛ l-Ġăṛbāwi, wāš āna ḥta l-līla ʕād ka-ndəxxəl wlādi lə-ḍ-ḍāṛ bāš ma džī-ši ṭṭīḥ ʕlīhŭm w-ṛāh ṭāḥət ʕlīna… (37) w-žāw ma năqdūnā-ši, žāw lə-l-bāb k-ywŭqfu w-ka-yqūlu wāš ma fīkŭm ši ḥāl?, ma năqdūnā-ši ḥna lli xăṛṛəžna. Manifestante C: (38) hādi āṛbăʕ snīn w-ḥna msəžžlīn ḍ-ḍyūṛ dyānna fə-l-ʕŭmṛān, žāw w-ṣəllḥu ġīr l-muhandis Nāžim hna fə-l-baladĭyya w-ṣəllḥu n-wāḥəd s-sĭyyəd ma xăṣṣu ḥta ši xăyṛ (39) w-xšāw mʕāhŭm hād s-sĭyyəd hāda ḥīt dərwīš, ṛăġma dālīk ʕămlu lu ġīr hākka w-mšāw fḥālŭm. Informante: (40) ʕi ykəmmlu lu, ma kəmmlu lū-ši. Manifestante D: (41) w-ʕām w-āna fə-z-zənqa. Informante: (42) l-ḥuqūq dyānna ttnəklāt mšāt, l-ḥuqūq dyānna ttnəklāt mšāt, ḥna wlādna măṛḍu ḷlāh yā-wəddi, ḷḷāh yā-wəddi. Manifestante C: (43) hādi āṛbăʕ snīn w-ḥna XXX f-əl-ʕumṛān w-ka-yḍăḥku ʕlīna, mšāw ʕi n-nās dyāl l-flūs (44) w-ṣăllḥu n-hād ṛ-ṛāžəl məskīn w-ḥnāya msəžžlīn ma žāw yăʕṭū lna ḥta ši ḥāža. ḍ-ḍāṛ dyāl hād s-sĭyyda hādi žāw wəqqfūha bə-lə-ḥdāyd w-mšāw fḥālŭm. Manifestante D: (45) sətta d-ən-nās žūž byūt. Informante: (46) w-XXX kāməl kālāwāh w-ṛăġm hād š-ši ḥna dāyrīn ʕi l-kṛātən w-gālsīn ʕlīhŭm, ḥna dāyrīn ʕi l-kṛātən w-gālsīn ʕlīhŭm, aḷḷāhumma hāda munkaṛ yšūf məlḥătna.
Larache Arabic: Demonstration
Árabe de Larache: Manifestación
(1) ḥna mšīna l-… ḥna mšīna l-wāḥəd l-liqāʔ dyāl… l-ḥudūd, (2) hŭwwa liqāʔ dawli k-yəddāṛ[1]kŭll ʕām fə-ši dawla. (3) hādīk l-maṛṛa ddāṛ[2]băyn Ṭārīfa[3] w-l-Maġrib. (4) mšīna, hăwwəd tāna w-l-Bǝlġa w-s-Saʕīd, w-l-Hanīn w-Muḥammad… l-mūhīmm bəzzāf d-əl-mġāṛba hăwwdu. (5) l-mūhīmm ḥna wāqfīn w-kān dīk n-nhāṛ kāyna l-māsīra, l-māsīra ʕa-ndīrū ha mən ōtēl... mən ōtēl Gwādālāxāṛa[4]ḥta n-sōntṛ[5]dyāl Ṭārīfa. (6) āna wāqəf w-hĭyya tʕăyyṭ li wāḥəd l-bənt, qātt[6] li: ʕAbdūl žīb, žīb l-mġāṛba nkətbu ši ḥāža f-əḍ-ḍhăṛ dyālkŭm, (7) āna sḥăb li ʕa-yəktəb nna[7] f-əḍ-ḍhăṛ dyānna[8]... (8) qŭtt la năʕməl li lā, w-bqīt ka-nžīb l-mġāṛba hāda l-īl-ʕun-ṣu-rĭyya, yăʕni la l-īl-ʕunṣurĭyya[9]. (9) ktəbna dāk š-ši f-əḍ-ḍhăṛ dyānna w-hăwwədna lə-bḥăṛ, (10) məni[10] hăwwədna wṣălna lə-bḥăṛ qālu nna: ḥnāya t-tāḍāhūṛa ka-ndīrūha qălwānĭyyīn, xăṣṣkŭm tzŭwwlu ḥta s-slīp[11]. (11) zŭwwəlna ʕlīna ā-sīdi… āna zŭwwəlt ʕlĭya āna băʕda zŭwwəlt ʕlĭya. (12) kān lli zŭwwəl ʕlīh, kān lli ma bġā-š yzŭwwəl ʕlīh, (13) l-mūhīmm zŭwwəlna ʕlīna mšīna f-ət-tāḍāhūṛa ḥta n-… (14) āna ka-nqūl... dāba āna māši w-ka-nqūl, āži dāba īla žāw l-būlīs žṛāw ʕlīna w-nžərrīw, ki nžərrīw hna fə-hād Spānya hāda hākka b-… (15) b-əl-qlāwi mdəllĭyyīn, dāba l-mūškīl maši təmma ḍḥăkna w-kəda w-tsālət t-tāḍāhūṛa. (16) llāġădda f-əṣ-ṣbāḥ məni žīna nfəṭṛu ž-žṛāyd kām lam xăṛṛža s-swāwi dyānna ḥna l-lŭwwāla.[1] /k-yǝtdāṛ/ → [k-yǝddāṛ]. [2] /tdāṛ/ → [ddāṛ]. [3] Tarifa, ciudad del sur de España. [4] Hotel Guadalajara. [5] centre ‘centro’, francés. [6] /qālt li/ → [qātt li]. [7] /lna/ → [nna]. [8] /dyālna/ → [dyānna]. [9]لا للعنصرية, árabe estándar. [10] /mǝnīn/ → [mǝni]. [11] slip ‘calzoncillos, bragas’, francés.
Phonology-Phonetics*
One of the main features of Larache Arabic is the voiceless reflection /q/ of */q/ at times alternating with /g/ in qāl li~gāl li ‘he told me’. A peculiarity as opposed to other dialects in the region in the lack of instances of devoicing of */ḍ/ and the virtual lack of the affricate allophone /ǧ/. The instances of labialization found in cases such as ṣwġār ‘small’ or mwxədda ‘pillow’ are presumably of Hilalian influence. As regards /p/ and /č/, they remarkably appear as a phoneme in some terms of foreign origin. Finally, two short vowels exist (/ŭ/ and /ə/) as well as a tendency towards diphthongation: ḥăwma ‘quarter’, tăwma ‘garlic’, ṣăyfĭyya ‘summer’.
Verb morphology
In terms of verb morphology, Larache Arabic features the suffix –ti for the second person singular of the perfective. There is no gender distinction in the second person singular of the imperfective, thus ka-tākŭl ‘you (masc./fem.) eat’. A trait which might reveal Hilalian influence is the alternation of the suffixes –u ~ –īw in the plural of the imperfective of defective verbs and the alternation of form I with form II in the conjugation of some verbs: žṛa~žəṛṛa ‘to run’, qṭăʕ~qăṭṭăʕ ‘to cut’.
The most commonly used preverb is ka–, though some informants occasionally use ta–. The same applies to future particles, with random instances using māš, though the most frequent are ġādi, ġa– and ʕa–.
Noun morphology
As regards noun morphology, the peculiarity of Larache Arabic consists of the existence of two scenarios. In the first scenario the speaker uses a pronoun of the second person singular which is the same for both genders: ntīna. In the second scenario, the forms nta~ntāya are used with male interlocutors whereas nti~ntĭyya~ntīna are used with female interlocutors.
The exclusive use of the genitive particles d– and dyāl , the alternation of the suffixed pronouns ha– ~ a– and hŭm– ~ ŭm– when occurring after a consonant and the negation ma…–ši are also distinctive traits.
Lexicon
As in other dialects from the north, the Larache Arabic contains a significant amount of loans from Spanish. The rest of the lexical elements are also common to northern varieties, while the existence of doubles can be noted in Larache such as săqṣa ~ sŭwwəl ‘to ask’, žbăṛ / ṣāb ~ lqa ‘to find’, qqa / ʕməl ~ dār ‘to do’, hāyda ~ hākka ‘thus’, fəttəš ʕla ~ qəlləb ʕla ‘to search’, măṛṛa ~ gāʕ ‘totally, absolutely’, fḥāl ~ bḥāl ‘as’, līl ~ l– ‘for’, mzīwən ~ zwīn ‘beautiful’, ġlāl ~ bəbbūš ‘snails’, zŭwwəl ~ ḥăyyəd ‘to remove’, məftāḥ ~ sāṛūt ‘key’, ṭāqa ~ šəṛžəm ‘window’.
Finally, the use of the following terms should also be pointed out: ǧīm ‘pocket’ (instead of žīb), ʕŭšrīn ‘twenty’ (rather than ʕəšrīn), žəbbānĭyya ‘cemetery’, sṭăb ‘to enjoy, to indulge’, āṛbʕa ‘four’(instead of ṛăbʕa), qămmāṛ ‘thief’, ʕi ‘only’.
*Data used for this brief summary were compiled from: Guerrero, Jairo 2015. El dialecto árabe hablado en la ciudad marroquí de Larache. Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Author: Jairo Guerrero
Larache (in Arabic العرائش [lă-ʕṛāyš]) is located 85 km to the south of Tangiers on a promontory on the southern side of the mouth of river Loukkous. With a population of 125,008 inhabitants (2014 census), its fishing port and fertile farmland grant it some prominence as an economic centre within the region.
Modern Larache seems to be the natural extension of ancient Lixus (eight-ninth century B.C.), a major Punic-Mauritanian city whose ruins lie on a hill on the other side of the river Lucus. In the Roman period Lixus became part of the province Mauritania-Tingitania, remaining active up until the sixth century A.D.
Arabic sources do not report the exact date when Lixus was taken by the Muslims. The number of inhabitants during the Islamic period is likely to have been small which would explain the scarce references to Tšummis by ancient historians and geographers. Lixus gradually lost population to neighbouring Larache for unknown reasons and was finally abandoned.
The exact date of the foundation of Larache is not known. Towards the eleventh century A.D. its population may have consisted of a simple ribāṭ with some dwellings. It was not until the failed Portuguese incursion in 1489 when the Wattasid sultan Mawlay al-Nasir became aware of Larache’s strategic significance and ordered the construction of a defensive system granting it a city status. Close to Fez, Larache became one of the major ports in north-western Morocco, attracting Portuguese and Genoese traders. In 1610 Philip II decided to capture Larache in order to put a halt to the incipient corsair activity harassing the Iberian shores and sheltering in this African port. The city did not return to Moroccan rule until 1689, when Mawlay Ismail had it repopulated with contingents from Jbala and the Rif. Continuous attacks from European powers to put an end to the so-called ǧihād baḥrī took place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
After the Algeciras Conference, Spain invaded Larache in 1911, when the city was incorporated into the Spanish protectorate. During the colonial period Larache experienced prosperity and attracted numerous Spanish settlers. This situation drastically changed after the independence of Morocco in 1956 and the withdrawal of the settlers. Marginality and neglect were the norm up until the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century. Nonetheless, in the 1970’s and 1980’s Larache’s population grew as a result of the rural exodus. Afterwards, in the late 1990’s, some of its population emigrated to Spain and the United Kingdom.
Bibliography
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Author: Jairo Guerrero
- Alarcón y Santón, Maximiliano 1913. Textos árabes en dialecto vulgar de Larache. Madrid, Imprenta Ibérica. https://archive.org/details/textosarabesendi00alaruoft
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